2^nd International Conference on Tropical and Infectious Diseases November 21-22, 2019 Amsterdam, Netherlands

A microbe that causes the disease is called Pathogen. The disease causing microbes like Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa, helminths have the potential to cause various infections. Bacterial and Viral diseases are very common. Millions of bacteria normally live on the skin, in the intestines, and on the genitalia which causes Cholera, Leprosy, Trachoma, Buruli ulcer like diseases. The most common type of viral disease is the common cold, Chickenpox, Flu, Infectious mononucleosis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, pneumonia etc.

Clinical Immunology associated with studies of diseases which are caused due to disorders of immune system ie.,abnormal growth of any cellular tissues of the system, hypersensitivities such as in asthma , immune system failure and other allergies. It also includes the diseases of other systems, where immune reaction plays a vital role in the clinical aspects and pathology. Clinical Immunology divided into two categories: autoimmunity host body own itself attacks the immune system in the other hand Immunodeficiency is a category in which inadequate response is attained by the immune system.

An allergic disease occurs when a person's immune system reacts to substances present in the environment that are harmless for most people. These substances are known as allergens and are found in dust mites, foods, pets, ticks, pollen, insects, moulds, and some medicines.

Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (VBZD) are infectious diseases that spread through vectors or animal hosts. Vector borne diseases like Dengue, malaria, Lyme disease in which an organisms like ticks, insects, or mites transmits a pathogen from one host to another that may be from human to human or can be transmitted from animal to humans. Commonly with increased virulence of the pathogen in the vector.

Zoonotic Diseases such as Avian Flu, animal flu, anthrax, bird flu can be spread from animals to humans by either contact with the animals or through vectors that transmit zoonotic pathogens from animals to humans. While many vectors borne diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and murine typhus are rarely seen, Many vectors borne diseases are climate sensitive and environmental changes associated with climate change are predictable to impact the occurrences and spreading of these diseases.

Pediatric infectious diseases/ childhood infectious diseases are the infectious diseases which are caused in children of diverse age groups. Infection from mother to fetus, in just born babies and children is growing danger. The death rates are increasing due to infections. The epidemiological features of congenital and neonatal diseases due to bacterial, viral, vector-borne infections despite become more threat.

Cancer is a complex group of diseases with multiple causes. Thus, learning more about the known causes of cancer is still an important issue. Moreover, among all these factors, infection and its association to cancers is controversial. Infectious agents, such as hepatitis B (HBV), C viruses (HCV), Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) contribute to the pathogenesis of different cancers. These cancers include hepatocellular carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cervical cancer. Screenings of infectious diseases in cancer patients may open up the areas of research in the identification of optimizing cancer control strategies.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus damages the immune system. The Untreated HIV contaminates and damages CD4 cells. Thereafter HIV kills more and more CD4 cells, due to which body is bound to get different sorts of diseases and malignant growths. HIV is generally transmitted through organic liquids that incorporates blood, breast milk,semen, vaginal and rectal liquids. The infection generally doesn't spread through air, water or through easygoing contact. HIV is a lifelong condition and right now there is no cure for this severe disease.Without treatment, a man with HIV is probably going to build up a serious condition called AIDS.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) or Venereal Diseases(VD) which are those infections that passed from one person to another through sexual contact. STDs are generally caused by bacteria, yeast, parasites, and viruses. There are more than 20 types of STDs which infect both men and women. It mostly affects Women. Antibiotics can treat STDs. There is probably no cure for STDs initiated by a virus, but medications can often help with the symptoms and keep the infection under control.

Currently the Progression in the analysis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases has been outstanding. Gastrointestinal infections are viral, bacterial or parasitic infections that may cause gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and the small intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Many Examination is going on new diagnostic strategies and novel therapeutic frameworks for gastresophageal reflux sickness (GERD), pancreatic-biliary and post-surgical issues, Barrett's throat, neuroendocrine tumours and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.

Infection of the lungs or airways is known as Respiratory or pulmonary infections. The main types of respiratory infections are Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, COPD, Influeza, Tuberculosis, Lung Cancer and pneumonia. Therefore, infections of the nasopharynx, results in a nasal discharge, bronchitis results in cough and sputum production, and pneumonia results in cough and sputum, it also in increases respiratory rate and chest radiograph changes. Most viruses leads to increase in bronchitis, whereas most bacteria lead to increase in emergence of pneumonia. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, infections are usually spread from infected person to a healthy person.

Neurological infections are the infectious diseases which are observed in the Nervous system. Viral and immune mediated disorders of the nervous system are the most challenging neurological infections. The most common neurological disorders are multiple sclerosis and HIV.In spite of noteworthy advancements in the treatment of infectious diseases; central nervous system (CNS) infections still remain a major challenge. They are frequently difficult to diagnose and treatments are either insufficient or non-existent. Infections can be categorised as acute or chronic. Infection of the nervous system is categorized to meninges (meningitis) or the brain substance itself (encephalitis), or both of them (meningoencephalitis). Some infections that trigger an inflammatory reaction that causes neurological damage independently  or coincide with the infection. In some inflammatory conditions, new issues may arise which might be related to the disease and infects and lowers the activity of CNS gradually.

Dental and Oral infections are one of the most common diseases in humans. Two generally occurring oral infections are periodontal disease and caries ailment. Dental caries is one of the most well-known chronic disease of adolescence which is greatly neglected among youngsters. Periodontal illness is the widely recognized infectious disease of adults. At least 1/3 of the population is affected by chronic periodontitis, which is a bacterially instigated destruction of the attachment of the tooth to the bone. The Non-disposable things like dental tools should be cleaned and disinfected between patients. Disposable dental instruments and needles should never be reused on another patient. Contamination control and precautionary measures conjointly required for all dental staff associated with quiet care to utilize defensive clothing, for example, gloves, covers, outfits and eyewear.

Infectious diseases of animals are a major hazard to animal health and welfare and their effective control is necessary for agronomic health, for defending and procuring national and international food supplies and for mitigating the rural poverty in developing countries. Some disastrous livestock diseases are regional in many parts of the world and threats from old and new pathogens continue to rise, with changes to worldwide climate, agricultural approaches and anthropology presenting conditions that are especially supportive for the spread of arthropod-borne diseases and other infectious diseases. Zoonotic infections are transmissible either directly or indirectly between animals and humans are on the increase and pose serious additional risks to human health and the recent pandemic status of new influenza A (H1N1) is a illustration of the challenge presented by zoonotic diseases. Veterinary technicians often collaborate with Epidemiologists.

With the high rate of emerging Infectious Diseases across the Tropical region there is more and more requirement of Medicine and new preventive measure especially in the Under developed countries. Tropical medicine doctors treat patients with a wide range of tropical infections including malaria and hepatitis.

Antimicrobials/ antibiotics/ antibacterials are the drugs used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections like strep throat, urinary tract infections and tuberculosis. They may either completely kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Few antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viral diseases such as the common cold or influenza and their inappropriate may allow the emergence of resistant organisms.

Vaccines are the products which can produce immunity from a disease and can be administered to the organism through needle injections, by mouth or by aerosol. Vaccination is the injection of either killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism. The most common and serious vaccine-preventable diseases tracked by the World Health Organization are: Diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae serotype b infection, Hepatitis B virus infection, Measles, Meningitis, Mumps, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis, Rubella, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, and Yellow fever. Various therapies like Gene therapies are considered as the potential treatment for various infectious diseases as well as Hereditary Genetic Diseases. Gene therapy may be used to mediate the spread of the infectious agent at the extracellular level.

Infectious diseases prevention and control is helpful to prevent the transmission of infectious/communicable diseases. Some prevention must be followed like sanitation, hand washing, food & water safety and vaccination for infection prevention and control to decrease the spread of microorganisms and diseases. Anti-infective agents include antibiotics, antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals and antiprotozoals which control the growth of disease causing organisms. Sterilization is another process of killing microorganisms by Physical, Chemical and other physio-chemical methods. Disinfection is also a process of killing harmful microorganisms. Some infectious diseases can be prevented by avoiding direct contact with the infected person. Infections can also be controlled and prevented by creating public awareness on infectious diseases and their outbreaks. Public Health awareness refers to the important role that community knowledge and enthusiasm has in building manageable societies. It includes delivering knowledge to remote communities requires strategies for effective communication regarding infections treatment and control and maintenance of good hygienic conditions by creating healthy environment and infection free world.

Medical diagnosis is the process of determining the type of disease or condition that explains a person's symptoms and signs. Laboratory tests may identify the organisms directly by visualizing the organism on a culture by a microscope or indirectly identifying antibodies to the organism. General types of tests include microscopy, culture and immunologic tests i:e; agglutination tests such as western blot, latex agglutination, enzyme immunoassays, complement fixation tests, precipitation tests and nucleic acid/ no- nucleic acid-based identification methods. Sub types of diagnosis may include clinical, laboratory, radiology, principal and admitting diagnosis. Advanced methods include biomarkers/ Elisa test/ chest x ray/ skin biopsy/ Tympanometry and tympanocentesis have been implemented to diagnose the infection rapidly.

Treatment of infections involves patient care and moral support including corresponding therapies. Bacterial infections can be easily treated by administering antibiotics to the patients. Yeast infections can be primarily treated by sterilization and the parasitic infections can be treated by antiparasitic drugs. Diseases such as cancer can be treated by chemotherapy techniques. Advanced techniques have proved that there is no disease that cannot be treated.