Track 1.Neglected Tropical Diseases

Neglected tropical diseases are a diverse group of communicable diseases which prevail in tropical and subtropical regions in 149 countries. The diseases are generally caused by bacteria, parasites, helminthes, Fungi, protozoans, virus etc. which affectss more than one billion people and cost developing economies billions of dollars every year. These including lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and other neglected diseases which represent a serious burden to public health. They affect populations living in poverty especially without proper Hygiene, sanitation and in close contact with various infectious vectors and disease causing livestocks and causes significant health and financial burdens across underdeveloped nations and widely impacts their socio-economic statuses. Unlike many public-health risks, such as Malaria, Tuberculosis, Dengue fever, Leprosy, Leishmaniasis, Schistosomiasis, Hookworm infection and HIV, the burden of human suffering caused by neglected tropical diseases remains poorly recognised by the public-health community.

Track 2.Microbial Infections

A microbe that causes the disease is called Pathogen. The disease causing microbes like Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa, helminths have the potential to cause various infections. Bacterial and Viral diseases are very common. Millions of bacteria normally live on the skin, in the intestines, and on the genitalia which causes Cholera, Leprosy, Trachoma, Buruli ulcer like diseases. The most common type of viral disease is the common cold, Chickenpox, Flu, Infectious mononucleosis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, pneumonia etc.

Track 3.Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Clinical Immunology associated with studies of diseases which are caused due to disorders of immune system ie.,abnormal growth of any cellular tissues of the system, hypersensitivities such as in asthma , immune system failure and other allergies. It also includes the diseases of other systems, where immune reaction plays a vital role in the clinical aspects and pathology. Clinical Immunology divided into two categories: autoimmunity host body own itself attacks the immune system in the other hand Immunodeficiency is a category in which inadequate response is attained by the immune system.

An allergic disease occurs when a person's immune system reacts to substances present in the environment that are harmless for most people. These substances are known as allergens and are found in dust mites, foods, pets, ticks, pollen, insects, moulds, and some medicines.

Track 4.Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases

Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (VBZD) are infectious diseases that spread through vectors or animal hosts. Vector borne diseases like Dengue, malaria, Lyme disease in which an organisms like ticks, insects, or mites transmits a pathogen from one host to another that may be from human to human or can be transmitted from animal to humans. Commonly with increased virulence of the pathogen in the vector.

Zoonotic Diseases such as Avian Flu, animal flu, anthrax, bird flu can be spread from animals to humans by either contact with the animals or through vectors that transmit zoonotic pathogens from animals to humans. While many vectors borne diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and murine typhus are rarely seen, Many vectors borne diseases are climate sensitive and environmental changes associated with climate change are predictable to impact the occurrences and spreading of these diseases.

Track 5.Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Pediatric infectious diseases/ childhood infectious diseases are the infectious diseases which are caused in children of diverse age groups. Infection from mother to fetus, in just born babies and children is growing danger. The death rates are increasing due to infections. The epidemiological features of congenital and neonatal diseases due to bacterial, viral, vector-borne infections despite become more threat.

Track 6.Infectious Diseases and Cancer

Cancer is a complex group of diseases with multiple causes. Thus, learning more about the known causes of cancer is still an important issue. Moreover, among all these factors, infection and its association to cancers is controversial. Infectious agents, such as hepatitis B (HBV), C viruses (HCV), Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) contribute to the pathogenesis of different cancers. These cancers include hepatocellular carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cervical cancer. Screenings of infectious diseases in cancer patients may open up the areas of research in the identification of optimizing cancer control strategies.

Track 7.HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Human Immunodeficiency Virus damages the immune system. The Untreated HIV contaminates and damages CD4 cells. Thereafter HIV kills more and more CD4 cells, due to which body is bound to get different sorts of diseases and malignant growths. HIV is generally transmitted through organic liquids that incorporates blood, breast milk,semen, vaginal and rectal liquids. The infection generally doesn't spread through air, water or through easygoing contact. HIV is a lifelong condition and right now there is no cure for this severe disease.Without treatment, a man with HIV is probably going to build up a serious condition called AIDS.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) or Venereal Diseases(VD) which are those infections that passed from one person to another through sexual contact. STDs are generally caused by bacteria, yeast, parasites, and viruses. There are more than 20 types of STDs which infect both men and women. It mostly affects Women. Antibiotics can treat STDs. There is probably no cure for STDs initiated by a virus, but medications can often help with the symptoms and keep the infection under control.

Track 8.Gastro Intestinal Infections

Currently the Progression in the analysis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases has been outstanding. Gastrointestinal infections are viral, bacterial or parasitic infections that may cause gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and the small intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Many Examination is going on new diagnostic strategies and novel therapeutic frameworks for gastresophageal reflux sickness (GERD), pancreatic-biliary and post-surgical issues, Barrett's throat, neuroendocrine tumours and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.

Track 9.Respiratory and Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Infection of the lungs or airways is known as Respiratory or pulmonary infections. The main types of respiratory infections are Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, COPD, Influeza, Tuberculosis, Lung Cancer and pneumonia. Therefore, infections of the nasopharynx, results in a nasal discharge, bronchitis results in cough and sputum production, and pneumonia results in cough and sputum, it also in increases respiratory rate and chest radiograph changes. Most viruses leads to increase in bronchitis, whereas most bacteria lead to increase in emergence of pneumonia. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, infections are usually spread from infected person to a healthy person.

Track 10.Neurological Infections

Neurological infections are the infectious diseases which are observed in the Nervous system. Viral and immune mediated disorders of the nervous system are the most challenging neurological infections. The most common neurological disorders are multiple sclerosis and HIV.In spite of noteworthy advancements in the treatment of infectious diseases; central nervous system (CNS) infections still remain a major challenge. They are frequently difficult to diagnose and treatments are either insufficient or non-existent. Infections can be categorised as acute or chronic. Infection of the nervous system is categorized to meninges (meningitis) or the brain substance itself (encephalitis), or both of them (meningoencephalitis). Some infections that trigger an inflammatory reaction that causes neurological damage independently  or coincide with the infection. In some inflammatory conditions, new issues may arise which might be related to the disease and infects and lowers the activity of CNS gradually.

Track 11.Dental and Oral Infectious Disease

Dental and Oral infections are one of the most common diseases in humans. Two generally occurring oral infections are periodontal disease and caries ailment. Dental caries is one of the most well-known chronic disease of adolescence which is greatly neglected among youngsters. Periodontal illness is the widely recognized infectious disease of adults. At least 1/3 of the population is affected by chronic periodontitis, which is a bacterially instigated destruction of the attachment of the tooth to the bone. The Non-disposable things like dental tools should be cleaned and disinfected between patients. Disposable dental instruments and needles should never be reused on another patient. Contamination control and precautionary measures conjointly required for all dental staff associated with quiet care to utilize defensive clothing, for example, gloves, covers, outfits and eyewear.

Track 12.Veterinary Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases of animals are a major hazard to animal health and welfare and their effective control is necessary for agronomic health, for defending and procuring national and international food supplies and for mitigating the rural poverty in developing countries. Some disastrous livestock diseases are regional in many parts of the world and threats from old and new pathogens continue to rise, with changes to worldwide climate, agricultural approaches and anthropology presenting conditions that are especially supportive for the spread of arthropod-borne diseases and other infectious diseases. Zoonotic infections are transmissible either directly or indirectly between animals and humans are on the increase and pose serious additional risks to human health and the recent pandemic status of new influenza A (H1N1) is a illustration of the challenge presented by zoonotic diseases. Veterinary technicians often collaborate with Epidemiologists.

Track 13.Tropical Medicine and Health

With the high rate of emerging Infectious Diseases across the Tropical region there is more and more requirement of Medicine and new preventive measure especially in the Under developed countries. Tropical medicine doctors treat patients with a wide range of tropical infections including malaria and hepatitis.

Track 14.Antimicrobials/ Antibiotics/ Antibacterials

Antimicrobials/ antibiotics/ antibacterials are the drugs used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections like strep throat, urinary tract infections and tuberculosis. They may either completely kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Few antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viral diseases such as the common cold or influenza and their inappropriate may allow the emergence of resistant organisms.

Track 15.Advancements in Vaccines and Therapeutics

Vaccines are the products which can produce immunity from a disease and can be administered to the organism through needle injections, by mouth or by aerosol. Vaccination is the injection of either killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism. The most common and serious vaccine-preventable diseases tracked by the World Health Organization are: Diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae serotype b infection, Hepatitis B virus infection, Measles, Meningitis, Mumps, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis, Rubella, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, and Yellow fever. Various therapies like Gene therapies are considered as the potential treatment for various infectious diseases as well as Hereditary Genetic Diseases. Gene therapy may be used to mediate the spread of the infectious agent at the extracellular level.

Track 16.Infection Control And Public Health Awareness

Infectious diseases prevention and control is helpful to prevent the transmission of infectious/communicable diseases. Some prevention must be followed like sanitation, hand washing, food & water safety and vaccination for infection prevention and control to decrease the spread of microorganisms and diseases. Anti-infective agents include antibiotics, antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals and antiprotozoals which control the growth of disease causing organisms. Sterilization is another process of killing microorganisms by Physical, Chemical and other physio-chemical methods. Disinfection is also a process of killing harmful microorganisms. Some infectious diseases can be prevented by avoiding direct contact with the infected person. Infections can also be controlled and prevented by creating public awareness on infectious diseases and their outbreaks. Public Health awareness refers to the important role that community knowledge and enthusiasm has in building manageable societies. It includes delivering knowledge to remote communities requires strategies for effective communication regarding infections treatment and control and maintenance of good hygienic conditions by creating healthy environment and infection free world.

Track 17.Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases

Medical diagnosis is the process of determining the type of disease or condition that explains a person's symptoms and signs. Laboratory tests may identify the organisms directly by visualizing the organism on a culture by a microscope or indirectly identifying antibodies to the organism. General types of tests include microscopy, culture and immunologic tests i:e; agglutination tests such as western blot, latex agglutination, enzyme immunoassays, complement fixation tests, precipitation tests and nucleic acid/ no- nucleic acid-based identification methods. Sub types of diagnosis may include clinical, laboratory, radiology, principal and admitting diagnosis. Advanced methods include biomarkers/ Elisa test/ chest x ray/ skin biopsy/ Tympanometry and tympanocentesis have been implemented to diagnose the infection rapidly.

Treatment of infections involves patient care and moral support including corresponding therapies. Bacterial infections can be easily treated by administering antibiotics to the patients. Yeast infections can be primarily treated by sterilization and the parasitic infections can be treated by antiparasitic drugs. Diseases such as cancer can be treated by chemotherapy techniques. Advanced techniques have proved that there is no disease that cannot be treated.

Scope and Importance

Tropical and Infectious diseases are the diseases that caused by various microorganisms are commonly known as pathogens. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due to in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation. These diseases generally afflict the world’s poor and historically have not received as much attention as other diseases. However, many were also present in northern Europe and northern America in the 17th and 18th centuries before modern understanding of disease causation.

Infectious diseases thrives in the hot and humid climatic conditions which is suitable for the growth of the microorganisms like Bacteria, Parasites, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminthes, Virus etc. The population of vectors like Mosquitoes and insects also thrive which transmit diseased pathogens. A large number of lives can be saved if they are diagnosed early and medical interventions are taken accordingly. The major factorial entities supporting the growth in demand for infectious disease diagnostic market are rise in population of countries, increasing prevalence rate of tropical Diseases and infectious diseases, access to healthcare services and government intervention. Due to high population rate, poverty, lack of sanitation and portable water the infectious disease has a high prevalence and incident rate in various countries.

Infectious Diseases Market:

The global infectious disease valued at $14.73 Billion in 2018 and it is stipulated to reach $19.35 billion by 2022 growing at CAGR of 5.6%. The market growth of infectious diseases id sue to increase in the awareness of infections and their environmental factors, global prevalence of diseases and increasing preference of Point-of-care testing and availability of funds for research and market for novel technologies.

Global Burden of Tropical and infectious Diseases:

World Health Organization provides a list of 17 diseases: bacterial diseases (yaws, trachoma leprosy. Buruli ulcer), helminth diseases (schistosomiasis, cystercercosis or taeniasis. Onchocerciasis, Lymphatic Filariasis) protozoan parasitic diseases (leishmaniasis. Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis) viral diseases (dengue, chikungunyu and rabies) and diseases caused by soil -transmitted helminths echinococcosis and Dracunculiasis and food-borne diseases. Cases have been made for the addition of others (for example mycetoma and to remove some (for example dengue) that are subject to substantial impact and research investment in middle-income countries. Infectious disease affects more than one billion people each year. Country invests about billions of economic dollars every year.

No. of people affected each year

Infectious Disease Therapeutics Market:

The global infectious disease therapeutics market  size  was  valued  at   $46.88 billion in 2018 and is estimated to reach at $64.5 in  2023 ,at  a CAGR of  6.6%. Rising prevalence of infectious ailments and increasing expenditure to boost the penetration rate of treatments of these diseases, rising initiatives for creating awareness about treatments & diagnosis of disease conditions, and increasing clinical trial for development of new drugs are likely to be the factors responsible for growth of this market.

Infectious Diseases Diagnosis market:

Rising of the infectious diseases concern regarding Tropical Diseases and its global impact on population as well as governments has powered demand for development of early disease detection methods like POC diagnosis. This growth in concern is evident by launch of a substantial number of programs aiming to combat Infectious Diseases.

The global infectious diseases market size is estimated to reach $7.6 billion by 2025 at a CAGR of 4.1 %. The combined effect of high impact factors such as soaring disease burden. growing demand  for  early  disease   identification   and   complementary   advancements  in technology expected to drive growth in demand.

Infectious Disease Funding Market:

Due to the increasing rate of the tropical and infectious diseases in worldwide it needs to use more tools for the diagnosis and prevention for the diseases. Public and phlantriphic funding is required to develop new technologies to control the diseases." Global Funding of Innovation for infectious Disease" invests mill ions of rupees every year.

MAJOR INFECTION PREVENTION RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONS 

• Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control
• British HIV Association
• British Infection Association
• Centers for Disease Control
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
• European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
• Health Protection Scotland
• Healthcare Infection Society
• Infect ion Prevention Society
• Infection Control Association
• Infection Prevent on & Control- American Nurses Association
• Infectious Disease Society of America
• International Federation of Infection Control
• Royal Society for Public Health
• Society for General Microbiology
• The Infection Control Nurses Association
• The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
• The Society of Health care Epidemiology of America
• UK Clinical Virology Network
• World Health Organization

MAJOR COMPANIES ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION PREVENTION

• Abbott Laboratories
• Aegerion Pharmaceuticals
• Amicus Therapeutics
• Araim Pharmaceuticals
• AstraZeneca
• Baxter International  Deerfield
• Bayer HealthCare
• Beacon Pharmaceuticals
• Bioxyne Limited
• Chiesi Pharmaceutical
• Daiichi Sankyo
• Dohmen Life Science
• Forest  Laboratories
• Generics (UK) ltd
• Gilead sciences
• GlaxoSmithKline
• Hormosan Pharma
• Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd
• Lallemand Pharma
• Napp Pharmaceuticals ltd
• Novartis
• Onyx Pharmaceuticals
• Otsuka Holdings Co., ltd
• Panmira Pharmaceuticals, LLC
• Pfizer
• PharmaMar
• Prosensa
• Boehringer lngelheim
• Ranbaxy laboratories  Limited
• Raptor Therapeutics
• Roche
• Sanofi

HPV discovery: New hope for cervical cancer treatments

As we know that cervical cancer occurs in the cells of cervix due to the abnormal growth of cells or tissues and that have the ability to spread to other parts of the body. The symptoms may include abnormal pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding or pain during sexual intercourse. Various strains of HPV plays a role causing cervical cancer. The Latest research on human papillomavirus (HPV) could lead to new treatments for cervical cancer and other cancers that are caused by Viruses.

HPV has always been a research scope for scientists, even though researchers have a solid proof of how HPV causes cancer by producing proteins that shut down healthy cells and ability to prevent tumours. Blocking one of those proteins, called oncoprotein E6, seemed like an obvious solution for the treatment.

The virus takes the help of a protein that located in our cells, an enzyme called USP46, which becomes essential for HPV-induced tumour formation and growth. And USP46 enzyme promises to be very susceptible to drugs. 

Curiously, HPV uses USP46 for an activity that is opposite to what the function of oncoprotein E6. E6 has been known for more than two decades to recruit another cellular enzyme to degrade the cell's tumour suppressor, while new finding shows that E6 uses USP46 to stabilize other cellular proteins and prevent them from degradation. The activities of E6 are critical to the growth of cancer.