Neglected Tropical Diseases Congress: The Future Challenges December 5-6, 2018 Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Syed Bilal Tanvir has completed his MD in Medicine and a higher Masters in Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control from the Prestigious Queen Mary, University of London. He is currently working as a Faculty Member and Course Director of Infection and Host Defense and Disease Transmission and Infection control at Dar Al Uloom University, KSA, Saudi Arabia. He is also working as an infection control specialist at Dar Al Uloom University Hospital. He has published more than 12 papers in reputed journals and have presented his research internationally in Bahrain, Karachi and Jeddah previously.

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Uma Nahar Saikia has completed her MD, Pathology from NIMS, India and is currently working as a Professor at the Department of Histopathology,  PGIMER, India. She is a Member of International Medical sciences Academy (FIMSA), International Society for Dermatopathology (ISDP), Member of National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS), Indian Society of Heart Research (ISHR), Dermatopathology Society of India (DSI), Indian association of Pathologists and Microbiologists (IAPM). She has published more than 200 international and 49 national papers in reputed journals.

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Kavita Diddi has completed her Post-graduation in Microbiology from AIIMS, New Delhi in India. There she was also involved in research activities related to dengue and chikungunya virus and published her work in various international and national journals. Before moving to UAE, she worked in private tertiary care hospital in India. Here in UAE, she is associated with Prime Health care group and taking care of microbiology division as well as infection control division.

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Wafaa Zahran is a Professor of Medical Microbiology& Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy,Menoufia University Egypt. She is also the Head of infection control unit, Menoufia University Hospitals. She completed her MBBch faculty of Medicine at Tanta University. She did her MSc and ph D in Microbiology & immunology in Menoufia University. Dr. Wafaa also completed her Infection control Professional Diploma AUC, Cairo and Medical Education Diploma, at Arab institute for continued development.

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In the 80's, following his schooling at the University of Utah, Dr. Young was trained in medical microbiology by Dr. Robert Bradford at the Bradford Research Institute in California. In 1991 through 1993,Dr. Young received a BSc and MSc in nutrition from the American College in Birmingham, Alabama. In 1995, he received his D.Sc. with emphasis in chemistry and biology. In 1997, Dr. Young received a Ph.D. in nutrition from Clayton College of Natural Health and later received an additional doctorate degree in naturopathy (ND) from Clayton College of Natural Health, (1999). He is currently the CEO and director of PH Miracle centre, U.S.A. Dr. Young's research has been published in several reputed journals. He is also the author of over 75 books and 3000 articles translated in 29 languages.

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Due to the many ineffective and incomplete diagnostic and treatment results of conventional medical protocols (e.g. Comprehensive Blood and Chemistry tests, mammograms, antibiotics, antivirals, chemotherapy and radiation), more efficient alternative methods are needed. The potential of Non-invasive Medical Diagnostics (NMD) coupled with an Alkaline Lifestyle and Diet (ALD) as a legitimate alternative to radioactive diagnostic and chemical treatments are examined. While largely ignored in conventional Medicine, the pH and electrolytes of the interstitial fluids of the Interstitium is suggested as an important part in identifying any viral, bacterial, fungal and/or cancerous condition. It is further suggested that all of these conditions may be the result of an over-acidic chemistry of the interstitial fluids of the body that can be prevented or reversed with an Alkalizing Lifestyle and Diet (ALT). Non-invasive Blood Testing (NBT) and Full Body Bio-Electro Interstitial Fluid Scan (FBBIES) are presented as a non-invasive and non-radioactive diagnostic test to examine the body fluids pH, chemistry, metabolic data and functionality of the organs and organ systems in the presence of any acidic disease causing condition. In addition, non-invasive Full-Body Thermography (FBT) and Full-Body Ultrasound (FBU) combined with the interstitial fluid testing (FBBIES) are presented as non-invasive methods to examine the physiology, the anatomy and the functionality of the organs, organ systems, glands and tissues in relationship to acute or chronic health conditions in the prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and monitoring the progress of any therapy progress. Finally, qualitative and quantitative non-invasive Blood Evaluation (NBE) is used as an important part of determining hematological data to compare with the interstitial fluid analysis (FBBIES). In contrast, to the potential chemical acidosis caused by conventional medical treatments, ALT methods such as Intravenous Nutritional Infusion (INI), Rectal Nutritional Infusion (RNI), alkaline foods and drinks, alkaline nutritional supplements, detoxification, exercise and stress reduction provide an alkalizing approach in preventing and reversing any serious health condition.

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A one-decade technology developer and market builder in water Microbiology, Dr Reyed Human Gut Microecology & Microbiota Consultant; PhD “Probiotics Microbiology and researcher at Scientific Research and Technology Application city “ SRTA- City” , has deep expertise in Probiotic Microbiology, Water microbiology and Water treatment technology application stemming from 25 years a Scientific Researcher over 10 years executive technical consultant for h2obioprocess of corporate Safibiowater in Alexandria, Egypt “ Integrated Eco-solution” He contributes to European Desalination Society, International water association. Egyptian council society and Egyptian scientific syndicate. And participated in over 20 International and National Conferences.

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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria most often are associated with hospitals and other health-care settings, but a new study indicates that sea water treatment plants and their water reuse also are hot spots of antibiotic resistance. The increase in antibioticresistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections could be the result of a number of factors including the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, antibiotic use in animal and crop agriculture, antimicrobial substances in personal care products, and the incomplete removal of biocides from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Wastewater treatment plants and their water reuse areas ripe for bacteria to shuffle and share their resistance genes. These hot spots of potential resistance transmission included a modern wastewater treatment plant their water reuse in agriculture and food production that means it's relatively easy for disease-causing bacteria that are treatable with antibiotics to become resistant to those antibiotics quickly. If these bacteria happen to come into contact with other microbes that carry resistance genes, those genes can pop over in one step. Such gene-transfer events are generally rare, but they are more likely to occur in these hot spots if the water reuse are hot spots of resistance gene transfer, We speculated that bacteria present in wastewater treatment plants where human regularly receive antibiotics would see even more pressure to share resistance genes. We should concern about such bacteria getting into the food system. Further, the wastewater treatment facility may be hot spots of antibiotic resistance transmission regardless of their locations. Trace concentrations of antibiotic, such as those found in sewage outfalls, are enough to enable bacteria to keep antibiotic resistance. This explain why antibiotic resistance is so persistent in the environment. The nonexistence of a important overlap of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistome between the human microbiome and potential environ mental sources should not be interpreted as an indication of risk absence. Hence, screening of antibiotic resistome pools cannot be used as an accurate measure of the risk for transmission to humans. The risks of transmission of antibiotic resistance from the environment to humans must be assessed based on antibiotic-resistant bacteria (not only on antibiotic resistome) that are able to colonize and proliferate in the human body. The risk is a function of their fitness in the human body and the presence of resistance and virulence genes. Even at extremely low abundance in environmental sources. antibiotic-resistant bacteria may represent a high risk for human health. The limits of quantification of methods commonly used to screen for antibioticresistant bacteria in environmental samples may be too high to allow reliable risk assessments. The times of yore decade has eye witnessed a disintegrate of study regarding antibiotic resistance in the environment, mainly in areas under human activities, which they are now recognized. However, a key issue refers to the risk of transmission of resistance to humans, for which a quantitative model is urgently needed. A most important conclusion is that the risks of spread of antibiotic resistance from the environment to humans must be managed under the precautionary principle, because it may be too late to act if we wait until we have concrete risk values.

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Usman Aliyu Dutsinma completed his PhD in Microbiology (Medical) in 2013 from Bayero University, Kano Nigeria at the age of 35 years. He was the Deputy Dean, Faculty of science and Faculty of Life Sciences 2015 -2016 and 2016 – 2017 respectively. He published more than 20 papers in reputable Journals and presently he is the Editor-in-Chief, UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (www.ujmr.umyu.edu.ng). Usman got the opportunity to interact with Professor Robert Gallo, the first Scientist to discover HIV/AIDS and the Founder of Global Virus Network during a third (3rd) short course at the Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland USA in October, 2016.

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Human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a causative agent of tropic spastic paraparesis and adult T-Cell leukaemia. Information regarding the involvement of HTLV-1 in presentation of subclinical immune suppression that may results in increased rate of HIV and TB infections has long been documented. 60 confirmed pulmonary TB subjects consisting of 41 males and 19 females were recruited in this study. Tuberculosis was confirmed by collecting their sputum samples and analyzed using GeneXpert. The immune-globulins G and M (IgG and IgM) were both assayed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The prevalence of HTLV-1 IgG antibodies among TB subjects was 6.6%, while that of IgM was 1.6%. There was no significant association between HTLV-1 and tuberculosis (P>0.05). Accordingly, sexually active group has the highest prevalence of 2.3% when compared to single and widow categories, age group 15-24 has the highest percentage of 3.3% for HTLV-1 IgG antibodies. 

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Claude Flamand has completed his PhD from Paris-Saclay University, France. He is currently the Head of Epidemiology Unit of Pasteur Institute in French Guiana and his main research interest is to study epidemics and infectious diseases outbreaks to better understand how pathogens spread in human populations. He has over 48 publications in the field of vector-borne and/or infectious tropical diseases that have been cited over 200 times and his publication H-index is 10.

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Arboviral infections have become a significant public health problem with the emergence and re-emergence of arboviral diseases worldwide in recent decades. Given the increasing number of cases, geographic spread, but also health, social and economic impact of arboviral outbreaks, estimating their true burden represents a crucial issue but remains a difficult task. In French Guiana, the epidemiology of arboviral diseases has been marked by the occurrence several major dengue fever (DENV) outbreaks over the past few decades, recent emergences of Chikungunya (CHKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) and the circulation of Mayaro virus (MAYV). To assess antibody seroprevalence against DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV, MAYV a random 2-stage household cross-sectional survey was conducted among the general population. We enrolled 2,718 individuals aged 1-87 years from June 1 to 12 October 2017. We performed detection of DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV, MAYV IgG antibodies on collected blood samples using a Microsphere Immunoassay (MIA). Socio-economic data, environmental variables and exposure to mosquitoes, perceptions of the illness and risk of contracting arboviral infections were collected using a standardized questionnaire administrated to all individuals included in the survey. Overall seroprevalence rates for antibodies against ≥1 DENV were 68.8% [66.4%-71.2%] and differed significantly according to age and geographical area. Seroprevalence rates of CHIKV, ZIKV and MAYV antibodies were respectively 23.2% [20.5%-26.1%], 23.1% [20.7%-25.6%] and 11.2% [9.7%-13.0%] and did not differed significantly according to gender or age. The distribution of seroprevalence rates for ZIKV antibodies corroborate previous findings for pregnant women sampled during the 2016 ZIKV outbreak. Future steps will help to identify associated factors and to predict the risk of transmission in the different areas of the country.

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Gastrointestinal parasitic infection is a major source of disease in people living with HIV/AIDS, especially in tropical countries. Diarrhoea is a common clinical manifestation of patients with HIV infection. Although gastrointestinal diseases occur in all age groups of immunocompromised patients, they occur with the greatest frequency (up to 90%) in patients with AIDS. Most of morbidity and mortality of advanced AIDS is associated with opportunistic intestinal parasites that cause debilitating infections in immocompromised individuals with low immune status as compared to the immunocompetent individuals.  Protozoa are the most common cause of parasitic diarrhea particularly in developing countries. They are frequently transmitted by unhygienic habits such as direct transfer of ova or cysts from anal region to mouth, eating with unwashed hands, eating and drinking of contaminated food and drink and inappropriate disposal of night soil and human excreta. Most common enteric opportunistic parasites which have been associated with HIV/AIDS include: Cryptosporidium spp., Iso spora belli, Cyclospora spp., Microsporidium spp., Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica. Amongst the opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections, intracellular coccidial protozoan parasites, Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli infection have been labeled as AIDS-defining illness and occur mostly at CD4 counts <200 cells/µl.

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Dr Barigye is an Assistant Professor of Veterinary Pathology at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University. Previously, he worked as a Senior Veterinary Pathologist at Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories in Australia and before that as Assistant Professor and Diagnostic Veterinary Pathologist at North Dakota State University in the US. He holds a PhD in Veterinary Science from UNAM, MSc with Distinction in Veterinary Pathology from the Royal Veterinary College, UK, a BVM degree from Uganda, and recently defended a MPhil degree thesis at the School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Australia. Besides, holds certification in Anatomic Veterinary Pathology from the Australian & New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists. Dr Barigye’s most recent research relates to the epidemiology of reproductive failure in sheep and goats caused by the zoonotic pathogens: Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii, Chamydophila abortus and Toxoplasma gondii.

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To date, no studies known to the authors have specifically evaluated the seroprevalence of Brucella spp, C. burnetti, C. abortus and T. gondii in livestock in the UAE. In addition, there no data on the potential role these agents may be playing in reproductive failure in domesticated small ruminants in the country. Without such data, the anecdotal statements attributing abortions and other forms of reproductive failure in sheep and goats to brucellosis have no scientific merit and need to be empirically substantiated in the UAE. Moreover, the potential zoonotic risk posed by the livestock-associated pathogens needs to be elucidated in the UAE. A serological survey was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella spp, C. burnetii, C. abortus, and T. gondii in sheep and goat herds in the UAE. A total of 915 blood samples [n= 222, [sheep]; n= 215, [goats]) were collected from livestock farms in the Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah and Ras Al-Khaimah (RAK). An additional 478 samples (n= 244, [sheep]; n= 234, (goats]) were collected from the Al Ain livestock central market and tested by indirect ELISA for pathogen-specific antibodies. Brucella antibodies were further corroborated by the Rose-Bengal agglutination test. Seropositivity for the four pathogens was variably documented in sheep and goats from the study area. Respectively, the overall livestock farm prevalence for Brucella spp, C. burnetii, C. abortus, and T. gondii were 2.7%, 27.9%, 8.1%, and 16.7% for sheep, and 0.0%, 31.6%, 9.3%, and 5.1% for goats. Additionally, the seroprevalence of Brucella spp, C. burnetii, C. abortus, and T. gondii in samples from the livestock market were 7.4%, 21.7%, 16.4%, and 7.0% for sheep, and 0.9%, 32.5%, 19.2%, and 11.1% for goats respectively. Overall, sheep had 12.59 more chances than goats of testing seropositive for Brucella spp (OR, 12.59 [95% CI 2.96 – 53.6]) but less likely to be positive for C. burnetii-antibodies (OR, 0.73 [95% CI 0.54 – 0.97]). Notably, the differences in the seroprevalence rates of C. abortus and T. gondii in sheep and goats were not statistically significant (p >0.050). The present data indicate that all the four study pathogens are present in sheep and goat populations in the UAE and that coxiellosis is the most seroprevalent followed by chlamydophilosis, toxoplasmosis, and brucellosis. While sheep from the livestock market were more likely than those from farms to be Brucella-seropositive, the overall exposure risk of C. burnetii appears to be greater for goats than sheep. As more animals from the livestock market were more likely to be seropositive to C. abortus, it is possible that under the UAE animal production conditions, at least, coxiellosis and chlamydophilosis are more likely to increase the culling rate of domesticated small ruminants than toxoplasmosis and brucellosis. While anecdotal reports have previously suggested that brucellosis may be a significant animal health risk in the UAE, the present data imply that C. burnetii, C. abortus and T. gondii may be more significant pathogens of sheep and goats in the country. However, the extent to which these pathogens may nationally be contributing to reproductive failure in sheep and goat herds is not known and needs to be investigated. Potentially, these agents may also carry a zoonotic risk to risk groups like farm workers, and slaughter house personnel. An ongoing study is evaluating the seroprevalence of bovine coxiellosis in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the data will further elucidate on the broader epidemiological dynamics of the disease in the national herd.

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Zakeya Al Rasbi works as Assistant Professor, in Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences at United Arab Emirates University the Emirates. Also, she is the Emirates Center for Happiness Research (ECHR) Director. Her research lab focuses on the connection between parasitology and immunology, and how recent studies link parasitic infection in gastrointestinal tract to autoimmune disorders.

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Caroline holds BS in nursing since 1988, certified in Infection Control (NYIC) as well as educator for NYIC certification. She is JCI certified educator for JCI education program “Safety in Surgical Services”. She has more than 28 years’ experience in Nursing Management, Infection control and Health Care Quality, Accreditation Management and Elderly Care. She held the position of Director of Nursing Services at “Home Care Lebanon”, from 1997 to 2004. From 1994 to 1997 Caroline held the position of Operating Room Nursing Manager in Lebanon. She is working as the Scientific Affair and Education Manager at 3M 3M Medical Solutions, UAE. Since she joined 3M in 2004, she has been working closely with hospitals management team, Infection Control ,Quality and Patient Safety Committees all over the CEEMEA region to improve patient safety, Expectations and outcomes. Her contribution in creating awareness of the best practices and driving surgical safety solution, surgical pathway, clinical evidences and standards of care to prevent Hospital Acquired Infection as well as educating Health Care Staff in CEEMEA region is broadly recognized and appreciated. She is an active public speaker at international and national congresses for Patient Safety, clinical microbiology and infectious disease ,Surgical forum ,Hand Hygiene Campaigns and Infection Preventions summits in CEEMEA region. She has publication on the Reduction of Surgical Site Infections in Cesarean Section Deliveries by Implementation of a Surgical Care Pathway.

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Dephney Mathebula has her expertise in multi-scale modeling of infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis, malaria and influenza. Her passion is in improving the implementation of infectious diseases control measures by developing multi-scale models that account for both between-host and within-host disease dynamics. Her multi-scale model adequately accounts for the reciprocal influence of the linked within-host and between-host models.

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